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This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


Map of Poland
Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Poland Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century. During the following century, the strengthening of the gentry and internal disorders weakened the nation. In a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland amongst themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, but Poland still faces the lingering challenges of high unemployment, underdeveloped and dilapidated infrastructure, and a poor rural underclass. Solidarity suffered a major defeat in the 2001 parliamentary elections when it failed to elect a single deputy to the lower house of Parliament, and the new leaders of the Solidarity Trade Union subsequently pledged to reduce the Trade Union's political role. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.
   Geography    Poland Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Central Europe, east of Germany
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
52 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Europe
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 312,685 sq km
land: 304,465 sq km
water: 8,220 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 3,056 km
border countries: Belarus 416 km, Czech Republic 790 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 103 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 529 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
491 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 40.25%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 58.75% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
1,000 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing
63.1 cu km (2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing
Total: 11.73 cu km/yr (13%/79%/8%)
Per capita: 304 cu m/yr (2002)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
flooding
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but at substantial cost to business and the government
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
   People    Poland Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
38,518,241 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,070,388/female 2,906,121)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 13,639,012/female 13,761,154)
65 years and over: 13.3% (male 1,964,429/female 3,177,137) (2007 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 37.3 years
male: 35.4 years
female: 39.3 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
-0.046% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.94 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.94 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.057 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.991 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.618 male(s)/female
total population: 0.941 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 7.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 75.19 years
male: 71.18 years
female: 79.44 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.26 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
14,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
100 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Pole(s)
adjective: Polish
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)
   Government    Poland Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form: Polska
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
name: Warsaw
geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie wojewodztwo, Kujawsko-Pomorskie wojewodztwo, Lodzkie wojewodztwo, Lubelskie wojewodztwo, Lubuskie wojewodztwo, Malopolskie wojewodztwo, Mazowieckie wojewodztwo, Opolskie wojewodztwo, Podkarpackie wojewodztwo, Podlaskie wojewodztwo, Pomorskie wojewodztwo, Slaskie wojewodztwo, Swietokrzyskie wojewodztwo, Warminsko-Mazurskie wojewodztwo, Wielkopolskie wojewodztwo, Zachodniopomorskie wojewodztwo
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on a mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Lech KACZYNSKI (since 23 December 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Waldemar PAWLAK (since 16 November 2007) and Grzegorz SCHETYNA (since 16 November 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 9 and 23 October 2005 (next to be held in the fall 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Lech KACZYNSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Lech KACZYNSKI 54%, Donald Tusk 46%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
bicameral National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of the Senate or Senat (upper house) (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and the Sejm (lower house) (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the designation of National Assembly is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly
elections: Senate - last held 21 September 2007 (next to be held by September 2011); Sejm elections last held 21 September 2007 (next to be held by September 2011)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 60, PiS 39, independents 1; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 41.5%, PiS 32.1%, LiD 13.2%, PSL 8.9%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 209, PiS 166, LiD 53, PSL 31, German minorities 1; note - seats by party as of December 2007 - PO 209, PiS 160, LiD 53, PSL 31, German minorities 1, nonaffiliated 6
note: one seat is assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejm only
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or SKL [Artur BALASZ]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wojciech OLEJNICZAK]; Democratic Party or PD [Janusz ONYSZKIEWICZ]; Dom Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish Families or LPR [Roman GIERTYCH]; Left and Democrats (LiD) (a coalition formed by the SLD, PD, SDPL, and UP) [Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Ruch Patriotyczny or RP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Andrzej SPYCHALSKI]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Jozef GLEMP]; Solidarity Trade Union [Janusz SNIADEK]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ACCT (observer), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Janusz REITER
chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE
embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw
mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000
FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688
consulate(s) general: Krakow
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
   Economy    Poland Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and today stands out as a success story among transition economies. In 2007, GDP grew 6.5%, based on rising private consumption, a jump in investment, and burgeoning exports. Poland today has a thriving private sector. GDP per capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic states. Consumer price inflation - at 2.1% in 2007 - remains among the lowest in the EU. Since 2004, EU membership and access to EU structural funds has provided a major boost to the economy. Despite Poland's successes, more remains to be done. Unemployment, which stood at nearly 13% in 2007, is still one of the highest in the EU. Rising wages and falling unemployment pose a risk to consumer price stability. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, bureaucratic red tape, and persistent corruption keep the private sector from performing to its potential. Expensive health care, education, pension, and state administration systems present a challenge to lowering the government budget deficit, which was over 3% of GDP in 2007. The new government plans to reduce its budget deficit with the aim of eventually adopting the euro. The pro-business PO government aims to introduce business-friendly measures, lower public debt, lower personal and corporate tax rates, reduce public spending and increase privatization, but failed to gain enough seats to rule alone, and will likely have to water down initiatives in order to garner enough support to pass its pro-business policies.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$624.6 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$418.1 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.5% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$16,200 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 4.1%
industry: 31.9%
services: 64% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
17.01 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 16.1%
industry: 29%
services: 54.9% (2002)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12.8% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
17% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 27% (2002)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
36 (2005)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.1% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
21.8% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $80.53 billion
expenditures: $88.7 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
44.5% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
146.2 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
120.4 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
16.19 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
5.002 billion kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
32,800 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
462,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
51,780 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
480,300 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
96.38 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.828 billion cu m (2005)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15.58 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
42.2 million cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.01 billion cu m (2005)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
158.1 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-$18.13 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$137.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2003)
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 27.2%, Italy 6.6%, France 6.2%, UK 5.7%, Czech Republic 5.6%, Russia 4.3% (2006)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$150.7 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 29%, Russia 9.6%, Italy 6.4%, Netherlands 5.7%, France 5.4% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$61.46 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$187.8 billion (30 June 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$104.2 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$10.68 billion (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$149.1 billion (2006)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
zloty (PLN)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
zlotych per US dollar - 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Poland Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
11.475 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
36.746 million (2006)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market based competition finalized in 2003; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in wireless telephony
domestic: mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; cellular coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service is growing slowly and still lags in rural areas
international: country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
40 (2006)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.pl
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.681 million (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
11 million (2006)
   Transportation    Poland Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
123 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 83
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 3 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 40
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 22 (2007)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
7 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 23,072 km
broad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 22,443 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational; 11,910 km electrified) (2006)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (includes 484 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2004)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2006)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 11 ships (1000 GRT or over) 55,701 GRT/45,082 DWT
by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Nigeria 1)
registered in other countries: 102 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 15, Cyprus 18, Liberia 14, Malta 25, Norway 3, Panama 15, Slovakia 2, St Vincent and The Grenadines 1, Vanuatu 7) (2007)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin
   Military    Poland Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Armed Forces of the Polish Republic (Sily Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, SZRP): Land Forces (includes Navy (Marynarka Wojenna, MW)), Polish Air Force (Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, SPRP) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
17 years of age for male compulsory military service after January 1st of the year of 18th birthday; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscript service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; by 2008, plans call for at least 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004, women are only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2006)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 17-49: 9,681,703
females age 17-49: 9,480,641 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 17-49: 7,739,472
females age 17-49: 7,859,165 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 275,446
females age 17-49: 265,164 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.71% (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Poland Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe

This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


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