Country
|
Natural hazards
|
Afghanistan
|
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
|
Albania
|
destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought
|
Algeria
|
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season
|
American Samoa
|
typhoons common from December to March
|
Andorra
|
avalanches
|
Angola
|
locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
|
Anguilla
|
frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)
|
Antarctica
|
katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts
|
Arctic Ocean
|
ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
|
Argentina
|
San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding
|
Armenia
|
occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
|
Aruba
|
lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt
|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December)
|
Australia
|
cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
|
Austria
|
landslides; avalanches; earthquakes
|
Azerbaijan
|
droughts
|
Bahamas, The
|
hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage
|
Bahrain
|
periodic droughts; dust storms
|
Baker Island
|
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
|
Bangladesh
|
droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
|
Barbados
|
infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides
|
Belarus
|
NA
|
Belgium
|
flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes
|
Belize
|
frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south)
|
Benin
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March
|
Bermuda
|
hurricanes (June to November)
|
Bhutan
|
violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
|
Bolivia
|
flooding in the northeast (March-April)
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
destructive earthquakes
|
Botswana
|
periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
|
Bouvet Island
|
NA
|
Brazil
|
recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
|
British Indian Ocean Territory
|
NA
|
British Virgin Islands
|
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)
|
Brunei
|
typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare
|
Bulgaria
|
earthquakes, landslides
|
Burkina Faso
|
recurring droughts
|
Burma
|
destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
|
Burundi
|
flooding, landslides, drought
|
Cambodia
|
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
|
Cameroon
|
volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes
|
Canada
|
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
|
Cape Verde
|
prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active
|
Cayman Islands
|
hurricanes (July to November)
|
Central African Republic
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common
|
Chad
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
|
Chile
|
severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis
|
China
|
frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence
|
Christmas Island
|
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
|
Clipperton Island
|
NA
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
cyclone season is October to April
|
Colombia
|
highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts
|
Comoros
|
cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano
|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
|
periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes
|
Congo, Republic of the
|
seasonal flooding
|
Cook Islands
|
typhoons (November to March)
|
Coral Sea Islands
|
occasional tropical cyclones
|
Costa Rica
|
occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible
|
Croatia
|
destructive earthquakes
|
Cuba
|
the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
|
Cyprus
|
moderate earthquake activity; droughts
|
Czech Republic
|
flooding
|
Denmark
|
flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes
|
Djibouti
|
earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods
|
Dominica
|
flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months
|
Dominican Republic
|
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
|
Ecuador
|
frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts
|
Egypt
|
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms
|
El Salvador
|
known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
violent windstorms, flash floods
|
Eritrea
|
frequent droughts; locust swarms
|
Estonia
|
sometimes flooding occurs in the spring
|
Ethiopia
|
geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
|
European Union
|
flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic
|
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
strong winds persist throughout the year
|
Faroe Islands
|
NA
|
Fiji
|
cyclonic storms can occur from November to January
|
Finland
|
NA
|
France
|
metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean
overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones), flooding, volcanic activity (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion)
|
French Polynesia
|
occasional cyclonic storms in January
|
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs
|
Gabon
|
NA
|
Gambia, The
|
drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)
|
Gaza Strip
|
droughts
|
Georgia
|
earthquakes
|
Germany
|
flooding
|
Ghana
|
dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
|
Gibraltar
|
NA
|
Greece
|
severe earthquakes
|
Greenland
|
continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
|
Grenada
|
lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November
|
Guam
|
frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December)
|
Guatemala
|
numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
Guernsey
|
NA
|
Guinea
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires
|
Guyana
|
flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons
|
Haiti
|
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts
|
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island
|
Holy See (Vatican City)
|
NA
|
Honduras
|
frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast
|
Hong Kong
|
occasional typhoons
|
Howland Island
|
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
|
Iceland
|
earthquakes and volcanic activity
|
India
|
droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
|
Indian Ocean
|
occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
|
Indonesia
|
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
|
Iran
|
periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes
|
Iraq
|
dust storms, sandstorms, floods
|
Ireland
|
NA
|
Isle of Man
|
NA
|
Israel
|
sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes
|
Italy
|
regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
|
Jamaica
|
hurricanes (especially July to November)
|
Jan Mayen
|
dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970; the most recent eruption occurred in 1985
|
Japan
|
many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons
|
Jarvis Island
|
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard
|
Jersey
|
NA
|
Johnston Atoll
|
NA
|
Jordan
|
droughts; periodic earthquakes
|
Kazakhstan
|
earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
|
Kenya
|
recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
|
Kingman Reef
|
wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
|
Kiribati
|
typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level
|
Korea, North
|
late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall
|
Korea, South
|
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest
|
Kuwait
|
sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
NA
|
Laos
|
floods, droughts
|
Latvia
|
NA
|
Lebanon
|
dust storms, sandstorms
|
Lesotho
|
periodic droughts
|
Liberia
|
dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)
|
Libya
|
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
|
Liechtenstein
|
NA
|
Lithuania
|
NA
|
Luxembourg
|
NA
|
Macau
|
typhoons
|
Macedonia
|
high seismic risks
|
Madagascar
|
periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation
|
Malawi
|
NA
|
Malaysia
|
flooding, landslides, forest fires
|
Maldives
|
low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise
|
Mali
|
hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding
|
Malta
|
NA
|
Marshall Islands
|
infrequent typhoons
|
Mauritania
|
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts
|
Mauritius
|
cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards
|
Mayotte
|
cyclones during rainy season
|
Mexico
|
tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
typhoons (June to December)
|
Midway Islands
|
NA
|
Moldova
|
landslides (57 cases in 1998)
|
Monaco
|
NA
|
Mongolia
|
dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
|
Montenegro
|
destructive earthquakes
|
Montserrat
|
severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995)
|
Morocco
|
northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
|
Mozambique
|
severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces
|
Namibia
|
prolonged periods of drought
|
Nauru
|
periodic droughts
|
Navassa Island
|
hurricanes
|
Nepal
|
severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons
|
Netherlands
|
flooding
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October
|
New Caledonia
|
cyclones, most frequent from November to March
|
New Zealand
|
earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity
|
Nicaragua
|
destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes
|
Niger
|
recurring droughts
|
Nigeria
|
periodic droughts; flooding
|
Niue
|
typhoons
|
Norfolk Island
|
typhoons (especially May to July)
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)
|
Norway
|
rockslides, avalanches
|
Oman
|
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
|
Pacific Ocean
|
surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
|
Pakistan
|
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
|
Palau
|
typhoons (June to December)
|
Palmyra Atoll
|
NA
|
Panama
|
occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area
|
Papua New Guinea
|
active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis
|
Paracel Islands
|
typhoons
|
Paraguay
|
local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
|
Peru
|
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
|
Philippines
|
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
typhoons (especially November to March)
|
Poland
|
flooding
|
Portugal
|
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
|
Puerto Rico
|
periodic droughts; hurricanes
|
Qatar
|
haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
|
Romania
|
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
|
Russia
|
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
|
Rwanda
|
periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Saint Helena
|
active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha, last eruption in 1961
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
hurricanes (July to October)
|
Saint Lucia
|
hurricanes and volcanic activity
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat
|
Samoa
|
occasional typhoons; active volcanism
|
San Marino
|
NA
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
NA
|
Saudi Arabia
|
frequent sand and dust storms
|
Senegal
|
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
|
Serbia
|
destructive earthquakes
|
Seychelles
|
lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible
|
Sierra Leone
|
dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
|
Singapore
|
NA
|
Slovakia
|
NA
|
Slovenia
|
flooding and earthquakes
|
Solomon Islands
|
typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis
|
Somalia
|
recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season
|
South Africa
|
prolonged droughts
|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|
the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism
|
Southern Ocean
|
huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue
|
Spain
|
periodic droughts
|
Spratly Islands
|
typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard
|
Sri Lanka
|
occasional cyclones and tornadoes
|
Sudan
|
dust storms and periodic persistent droughts
|
Suriname
|
NA
|
Svalbard
|
ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic
|
Swaziland
|
drought
|
Sweden
|
ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
|
Switzerland
|
avalanches, landslides, flash floods
|
Syria
|
dust storms, sandstorms
|
Taiwan
|
earthquakes and typhoons
|
Tajikistan
|
earthquakes and floods
|
Tanzania
|
flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
|
Thailand
|
land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts
|
Timor-Leste
|
floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones
|
Togo
|
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
|
Tokelau
|
lies in Pacific typhoon belt
|
Tonga
|
cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
Tunisia
|
NA
|
Turkey
|
severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
|
Turkmenistan
|
NA
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
frequent hurricanes
|
Tuvalu
|
severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level
|
Uganda
|
NA
|
Ukraine
|
NA
|
United Arab Emirates
|
frequent sand and dust storms
|
United Kingdom
|
winter windstorms; floods
|
United States
|
tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development
|
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
|
Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 1 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls: NA
|
Uruguay
|
seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts
|
Uzbekistan
|
NA
|
Vanuatu
|
tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis
|
Venezuela
|
subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
|
Vietnam
|
occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta
|
Virgin Islands
|
several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes
|
Wake Island
|
occasional typhoons
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
NA
|
West Bank
|
droughts
|
Western Sahara
|
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility
|
World
|
large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)
|
Yemen
|
sandstorms and dust storms in summer
|
Zambia
|
periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)
|
Zimbabwe
|
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
|