|
Country
|
Climate
|
|
Afghanistan
|
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
|
|
Akrotiri
|
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
|
|
Albania
|
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
|
|
Algeria
|
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
|
|
American Samoa
|
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Andorra
|
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
|
|
Angola
|
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
|
|
Anguilla
|
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
|
|
Antarctica
|
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Arctic Ocean
|
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
|
|
Argentina
|
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
|
|
Armenia
|
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
|
|
Aruba
|
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
tropical
|
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
|
|
Australia
|
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
|
|
Austria
|
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
dry, semiarid steppe
|
|
Bahamas, The
|
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
|
|
Bahrain
|
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
|
|
Baker Island
|
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Bangladesh
|
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
|
|
Barbados
|
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
|
|
Belarus
|
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
|
|
Belgium
|
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
|
|
Belize
|
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
|
|
Benin
|
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
Bermuda
|
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
|
|
Bhutan
|
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
|
|
Bolivia
|
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
|
|
Botswana
|
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
|
|
Bouvet Island
|
antarctic
|
|
Brazil
|
mostly tropical, but temperate in south
|
|
British Indian Ocean Territory
|
tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
British Virgin Islands
|
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
|
|
Brunei
|
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
|
|
Bulgaria
|
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
Burma
|
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
|
|
Burundi
|
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)
|
|
Cambodia
|
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Cameroon
|
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
|
|
Canada
|
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
|
|
Cape Verde
|
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
|
|
Central African Republic
|
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
|
|
Chad
|
tropical in south, desert in north
|
|
Chile
|
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
|
|
China
|
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
|
|
Christmas Island
|
tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
|
|
Clipperton Island
|
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, wet season (May to October)
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
|
|
Colombia
|
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
|
|
Comoros
|
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
|
|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
|
tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
|
|
Congo, Republic of the
|
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
|
|
Cook Islands
|
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March
|
|
Coral Sea Islands
|
tropical
|
|
Costa Rica
|
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
|
|
Croatia
|
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
|
|
Cuba
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
|
|
Cyprus
|
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
|
|
Czech Republic
|
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
|
|
Denmark
|
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
|
|
Dhekelia
|
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
|
|
Djibouti
|
desert; torrid, dry
|
|
Dominica
|
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
|
|
Ecuador
|
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
|
|
Egypt
|
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
|
|
El Salvador
|
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
Eritrea
|
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
|
|
Estonia
|
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
|
|
Ethiopia
|
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
|
|
European Union
|
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
|
|
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
|
|
Fiji
|
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Finland
|
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
|
|
France
|
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
|
|
French Polynesia
|
tropical, but moderate
|
|
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity
Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy
Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy
Iles Eparses: tropical
|
|
Gabon
|
tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
Gambia, The
|
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
|
|
Gaza Strip
|
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
|
|
Georgia
|
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
|
|
Germany
|
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
|
|
Ghana
|
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
|
|
Gibraltar
|
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
|
|
Greece
|
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Greenland
|
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
|
|
Grenada
|
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
|
|
Guam
|
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Guatemala
|
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
|
|
Guernsey
|
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
|
|
Guinea
|
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
|
|
Guyana
|
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
|
|
Haiti
|
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
|
|
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
antarctic
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City)
|
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
|
|
Honduras
|
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
|
|
Hong Kong
|
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
|
|
Howland Island
|
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Hungary
|
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
|
|
Iceland
|
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
|
|
India
|
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
|
|
Indian Ocean
|
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
|
|
Indonesia
|
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
Iran
|
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
|
|
Iraq
|
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
|
|
Ireland
|
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
|
|
Isle of Man
|
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time
|
|
Israel
|
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
|
|
Italy
|
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
|
|
Jamaica
|
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
|
|
Jan Mayen
|
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
|
|
Japan
|
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
|
|
Jarvis Island
|
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Jersey
|
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
|
|
Johnston Atoll
|
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Jordan
|
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
|
|
Kenya
|
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
|
|
Kingman Reef
|
tropical; moderated by prevailing winds
|
|
Kiribati
|
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
Korea, North
|
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
|
|
Korea, South
|
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
|
|
Kuwait
|
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
|
|
Laos
|
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
|
|
Latvia
|
maritime; wet, moderate winters
|
|
Lebanon
|
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
|
|
Lesotho
|
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
Liberia
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
|
|
Libya
|
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
|
|
Lithuania
|
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
|
|
Luxembourg
|
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
|
|
Macau
|
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
|
|
Macedonia
|
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
|
|
Madagascar
|
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
|
|
Malawi
|
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
|
|
Malaysia
|
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
|
|
Maldives
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
|
|
Mali
|
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)
|
|
Malta
|
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
|
|
Mauritania
|
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
|
|
Mauritius
|
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
|
|
Mayotte
|
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
|
|
Mexico
|
varies from tropical to desert
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
|
|
Midway Islands
|
subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds
|
|
Moldova
|
moderate winters, warm summers
|
|
Monaco
|
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
Mongolia
|
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
|
|
Montenegro
|
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
|
|
Montserrat
|
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Morocco
|
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
|
|
Mozambique
|
tropical to subtropical
|
|
Namibia
|
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
|
|
Nauru
|
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
|
|
Navassa Island
|
marine, tropical
|
|
Nepal
|
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
|
|
Netherlands
|
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
|
|
New Caledonia
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
|
|
New Zealand
|
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
|
|
Nicaragua
|
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
|
|
Niger
|
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
|
|
Nigeria
|
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
|
|
Niue
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
|
|
Norfolk Island
|
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
|
|
Norway
|
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
|
|
Oman
|
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
|
|
Pacific Ocean
|
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
|
|
Pakistan
|
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
|
|
Palau
|
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
|
|
Palmyra Atoll
|
equatorial, hot, and very rainy
|
|
Panama
|
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Paracel Islands
|
tropical
|
|
Paraguay
|
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
|
|
Peru
|
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
|
|
Philippines
|
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
|
|
Poland
|
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
|
|
Portugal
|
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Qatar
|
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
|
|
Romania
|
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
|
|
Russia
|
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
|
|
Rwanda
|
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
|
|
Saint Barthelemy
|
tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)
|
|
Saint Helena
|
Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid
Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August
|
|
Saint Martin
|
temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; July-Novemeber is the hurricane season
|
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
Samoa
|
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
|
|
San Marino
|
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
|
|
Senegal
|
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
|
|
Serbia
|
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
|
|
Seychelles
|
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
|
|
Singapore
|
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
|
|
Slovakia
|
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
|
|
Slovenia
|
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
|
|
Somalia
|
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
|
|
South Africa
|
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
|
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South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
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Southern Ocean
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sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
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Spain
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temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
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Spratly Islands
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tropical
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Sri Lanka
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tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
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Sudan
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tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)
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Suriname
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tropical; moderated by trade winds
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Svalbard
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arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
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Swaziland
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varies from tropical to near temperate
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Sweden
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temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
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Switzerland
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temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
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Syria
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mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
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Taiwan
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tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
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Tajikistan
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midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
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Tanzania
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varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
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Thailand
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tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
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Timor-Leste
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tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
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Togo
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tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
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Tokelau
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tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
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Tonga
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tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
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Trinidad and Tobago
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tropical; rainy season (June to December)
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Tunisia
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temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
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Turkey
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temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
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Turkmenistan
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subtropical desert
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Turks and Caicos Islands
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tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
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Tuvalu
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tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
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Uganda
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tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
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Ukraine
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temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
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United Arab Emirates
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desert; cooler in eastern mountains
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United Kingdom
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temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
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United States
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mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
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United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
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Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual rainfall occurs during the winter
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year
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Uruguay
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warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
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Uzbekistan
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mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
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Vanuatu
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tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April
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Venezuela
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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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Vietnam
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tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
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Virgin Islands
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subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November
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Wake Island
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tropical
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Wallis and Futuna
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tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
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West Bank
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temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
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Western Sahara
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hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
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World
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a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
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Yemen
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mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
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Zambia
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tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
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Zimbabwe
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tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
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